"How Bend Works: A Parallel Programming Language That “Feels Like Python but Scales Like CUDA”."
# Write definitions like this
(Def1) = ((λa a) (λb b))
# You can call a definition by just referencing its name
# It will be substituted in place of the reference
(Def2) = ((λa a) Def1)
# Definitions and variables can have names in upper and lower case and contain numbers
# Names defined in a more inner position shadow names in an outer position
(def3) = ((λDef1 Def1) (λx λx x))
# The language is affine, but if you use a variable more than once the compiler inserts duplications for you
# Of course you can always do them manually
(def4) = λz let {z1 z2} = z; (z1 ((λx (x x x x x)) z2))
# You can use machine numbers and some native numeric operations
# Numeric operations can only reduce numbers, doing (+ (λx x) 1) will not do anything
(nums) = λx1 λx2 (* (+ x1 1) (/ (- x2 2) 1))
# You can use numbers on the native match expression
# The `+` arm binds the `scrutinee`-1 variable to the value of the number -1
(Num.pred) = λn
switch n {
0: 0
_: n-1
}
# Write new data types like this
data Option = (Some val) | None
data Bool = True | False
# You can have pattern matching on definitions
# Use `*` to ignore a pattern
(Option.unwrap_or (Option/Some val) *) = val
(Option.unwrap_or Option/None or) = or
(Bool.or Bool/True *) = Bool/True
(Bool.or * Bool/True) = Bool/True
(Bool.or * *) = Bool/False
# Or using a match expression
(Bool.not) = λbool
match bool {
Bool/True: Bool/False
Bool/False: Bool/True
}
# Data types can store values
data Boxed = (Box val)
# Types with only one constructor can be destructured using `let` or a single matching definition
(Box.map (Boxed/Box val) f) = (Boxed/Box (f val))
(Box.unbox) = λbox match box {
Boxed/Box: box.val
}
# Use tuples to store two values together without needing to create a new data type
(Tuple.new fst snd) =
let pair = (fst, snd)
pair
# Then you can destructure it inside the definition or using `let`
(Tuple.fst (fst, snd)) = fst
(Tuple.snd) = λpair
let (fst, snd) = pair
snd
# All files must have a main definition to be run.
# You can execute a program in HVM with "cargo run -- run <path to file>"
# Other options are "check" (the default mode) to just see if the file is well formed
# and "compile" to output hvm-core code.
(main) =
let tup = (Tuple.new Option/None (Num.pred 5))
let fst = (Tuple.fst tup)
let snd = (Tuple.snd tup)
let box = (Boxed/Box fst)
let map = (Box.map box Option.unwrap_or)
let unboxed = ((Box.unbox map) snd)
(nums 3 unboxed)
Last modified 16 December 2024