Python

Implementations:

C: CPython: native implementation
- Python internals: Symbol tables, part 1
- Python internals: Symbol tables, part 2
JVM: GraalPython: part of GraalVM
JVM: Jython
Javascript: Skulpt: a Javascript implementation of Python 2.x.
CLR: IronPython3 and IronPython2
Nuitka: optimizing Python compiler written in Python that creates executables that run without a separate installer. (Source)
C: Stackless: Stackless implementation (fork of CPython)
Python-to-Crystal: Py2cr
C: tinypy: a minimalist implementation of python in 64k of code. Source
C: micropython: lean and efficient Python for microcontrollers and constrained systems
C: CircuitPython: fork of micropython
Web: Jupyter Notebooks: installable locally via pip install notebook
Web: JupyterLab: "latest web-based interactive development environment for notebooks, code, and data ... allows users to configure and arrange workflows in data science, scientific computing, computational journalism, and machine learning... extensions expand and enrich functionality."
WASM: py2wasm: converts your Python programs to WebAssembly ($ pip install py2wasm; py2wasm myprogram.py -o myprogram.wasm; wasmer run myprogram.wasm)
Rust: Cannoli: a compiler for a subset of Python 3.6.5.

Not sure if this is a library or an implementation or a tool, it's sort of all three: VPython, 3D Programming for Ordinary Mortals

Language extensions and/or libraries close to the language

metap: Metaprogramming in Python. Automatic augmentation/rewrite of Python code.
bytecode (Source): Python module to modify bytecode
dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode: package in the Python distribution, contains a list of all the Python VM bytecodes
Pyrefly: A faster Python type checker written in Rust

FFI

JPype: A Python module that provides seamless access to Java libraries from Python using JNI. (Source)
pyobjc (Source): The Python-to-Objective-C bridge

Build tools

Makefiles

https://www.kdnuggets.com/the-case-for-makefiles-in-python-projects-and-how-to-get-started

Complete Makefile for Flask app

# Variables
PYTHON := python3
APP_NAME := myapp
TEST_PATH := tests/

.PHONY: help
help:  ## Show this help message
  @echo "Available commands for $(APP_NAME):"
  @grep -E '^[a-zA-Z_-]+:.*?## .*$$' $(MAKEFILE_LIST) | sort | awk 'BEGIN {FS = ":.*?## "}; {printf "  \033[36m%-20s\033[0m %s\n", $$1, $$2}'

.DEFAULT_GOAL := help

# Environment setup
.PHONY: install
install:  ## Install all dependencies
  $(PYTHON) -m pip install --upgrade pip
  pip install -r requirements.txt
  pip install -r requirements-dev.txt

.PHONY: dev-setup
dev-setup: install  ## Complete development setup
  pre-commit install
  @echo "✅ Development environment ready!"

# Code quality
.PHONY: format
format:  ## Format code
  black $(APP_NAME) $(TEST_PATH)
  isort $(APP_NAME) $(TEST_PATH)

.PHONY: lint
lint:  ## Run linting
  flake8 $(APP_NAME) $(TEST_PATH)
  black --check $(APP_NAME) $(TEST_PATH)
  isort --check-only $(APP_NAME) $(TEST_PATH)

# Testing
.PHONY: test
test:  ## Run tests
  $(PYTHON) -m pytest $(TEST_PATH) -v

.PHONY: test-watch
test-watch:  ## Run tests in watch mode
  $(PYTHON) -m pytest $(TEST_PATH) -v --looponfail

.PHONY: coverage
coverage:  ## Run tests with coverage
  $(PYTHON) -m pytest $(TEST_PATH) --cov=$(APP_NAME) --cov-report=html --cov-report=term

# Development
.PHONY: serve
serve:  ## Start development server
  flask --app $(APP_NAME) run --debug --reload

.PHONY: shell
shell:  ## Start application shell
  flask --app $(APP_NAME) shell

# Database
.PHONY: db-migrate
db-migrate:  ## Create database migration
  flask --app $(APP_NAME) db migrate

.PHONY: db-upgrade
db-upgrade:  ## Apply database migrations
  flask --app $(APP_NAME) db upgrade

# Cleanup
.PHONY: clean
clean:  ## Clean up generated files
  find . -type f -name "*.pyc" -delete
  find . -type d -name "__pycache__" -delete
  rm -rf build/ dist/ *.egg-info/ htmlcov/ .coverage .pytest_cache/

# All-in-one commands
.PHONY: check
check: lint test  ## Run all checks

.PHONY: fresh-start
fresh-start: clean install  ## Clean everything and reinstall

Reading

Pandas

Learn Pandas - Hernan Rojas (0.18.1)
pandas: powerful Python data analysis toolkit - Wes McKinney and the Pandas Development Team (HTML, PDF)

Pyramid

Quick Tutorial for Pyramid

Tornado

Learn Web Programming

Articles:

WTFPython: A collection of unintuitive ways Python behaves, with explanations as to why.
Language learnings
Learn Python ASTs, by building your own linter
How To Create a Python GUI To Write Data to a File With PyQt5
A JIT Compiler for CPython
Python's type system explained: Static vs dynamic typing | Guido van Rossum
metap: A Meta-Programming Layer for Python

Interesting examples:

Peter Norvig's Collection of Jupyter Notebooks: This makes me consider spending some time with Jupyter Notebooks a lot more.

Tags: platform language functional dynamic object metaobject

Last modified 23 August 2025

Python

A dynamic language and platform.

Implementations:

Language extensions and/or libraries close to the language

FFI

Build tools

Makefiles

Reading

Books

Django

Flask

Kivy

Pandas

Pyramid

Tornado

Articles:

Interesting examples: